Summary Of My Hands Were Trembling - 960 Words

My hands were trembling. I just could not do it. My heart was palpitating as my blood ran throughout all of my veins. Thoughts were racing in and out of mind. I imagined the worst case scenario. I just could not press the confirm button. My essay was not good enough. Maybe I can tweak it some more to make it better. I need a good grade, and this will not get me there. Self doubt filled my body as I sat at the computer desk anxiously trying to upload my short story to turnitin.com. Many people thought that the short story assignment would be fun and innovative. However, many students found it to be more of a struggle than a walk in the park. Class, before the bell rings, I want to introduce our next writing assignment Mr.†¦show more content†¦God help me! Within the upcoming weeks at school, I struggled trying to think of a creative topic. I always thought and re-thought topics. I could never find a topic engaging enough that interested me. I finally succumbed t o individual pressure and talked to Mr. Wickenhauser. Mr. Wickenhau-- I started to say. Hi. How are you? Mr. Wickenahuser exclaimed as he interrupted me. I m, um, good. Thanks. But, I really need to talk to yo-- Well, I m glad to here that! Thanks. I don t have a topic yet. I quickly blurted. Well, what interests you? Do you want a positive or negative story? Or both? First, think of the type of character you want. Then build the plot around him. Find a conflict, then figure out a way to solve it! I know that is not much, but I hope it helps? Yeah. Thanks. I will give it some thought. I kept on thinking and thinking and thinking. Then it finally struck me! Why not write about a guy who struggles with addiction. His life is a mess, and he has no one to turn to. Yeah. That sounds good. Why not write about that? With my topic finally decided, it was time to start drafting my story. Little did I know, it would be one of the hardest assignments I would ever write. I drafted, and drafted, and drafted even more. I wrote eight different stories. Nothing was good enough. None of them would get me the grade I wanted. Summary Of My Hands Were Trembling - 960 Words My hands were trembling. I just could not do it. My heart was palpitating as my blood ran throughout all of my veins. Thoughts were racing in and out of mind. I imagined the worst case scenario. I just could not press the confirm button. My essay was not good enough. Maybe I can tweak it some more to make it better. I need a good grade, and this will not get me there. Self doubt filled my body as I sat at the computer desk anxiously trying to upload my short story to turnitin.com. Many people thought that the short story assignment would be fun and innovative. However, many students found it to be more of a struggle than a walk in the park. Class, before the bell rings, I want to introduce our next writing assignment Mr. Wickenhauser explained. I could hear the class groan. We had just gotten done with a take home essay and an in class essay over Don Quixote. We were tired of writing, and were not excited about writing some more. The essay type is an original short stor y. It can be really be about whatever you want, as long as it is a story. It can be true or fake. Let your imagination run wild. You can make the story your own. Tomorrow and within the coming weeks, we will look at sample short stories, and I will help you draft. Good luck and have fun! What was I supposed to write about? I am not creative enough to come up with my own short story! My writing isn t good enought to begin with, and I am supposed to write an entire story withShow MoreRelatedSummary Of My Hands Were Trembling 960 Words   |  4 PagesMy hands were trembling. I just could not do it. My heart was palpitating as my blood ran throughout all of my veins. Thoughts were racing in and out of mind. I imagined the worst case scenario. I just could not press the confirm button. My essay was not good enough. Maybe I can tweak it some more to make it better. I need a good grade, and this will not get me there. Self doubt filled my body as I sat at the computer de sk anxiously trying to upload my short story to turnitin.com. ManyRead MoreA Study by Semir Zeki Tries to Answer What is Love866 Words   |  3 Pagesneeds of the beloved before their own and their possessions, even a piece of trash, are seen as sacred. Additional affects aside from feelings that occur are loss of appetite and pain sensitivity, increase in pulse rate, palpitations, sweating, trembling, intestinal activity, and increase in stomach acid and rate of swallowing; these responses have made people think that the heart was the mechanism of love (Tarlaci, 2012). In a 2004 study done by Semir Zeki and his colleagues, an fMRG was takenRead MoreSummary On The Episode ( 3-4 Sentences )1244 Words   |  5 Pages Chapter Page # Summary of the Episode (3-4 sentences) Relevance/Analysis (3-5 sentences that answer 1 or more of the guiding criteria) Significant Quotation (supports character development) Quote Page # Chapter 6 Pages 46-47 Jane starts a conversation with Helen, a student who was flogged without reason. She can’t understand why Helen would bear the pain and not rebel. Jane’s rebellious nature can be seen in this passage. She has a hostility towards violent authority. This is most likely causedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1223 Words   |  5 Pagesframework for Frankenstein. Walton shares a few similarities with the characters of Victor and the monster. For instance, much like Victor’s character, Walton has an inquisitive nature and he loves to explore. In his first letter he writes, â€Å"I shall satiate my ardent curiosity with the sight of a part of the world never before visited† (Shelley 16). While Victor has a deep interest in new sciences, Walton has an interest in exploring new places. This curiosity drives both men to take their interests to theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1588 Words   |  7 Pagesachieving it. In my opinion, the idea of the American Dream is the main theme of the novel and the points mentioned earlier are key to what is being explored. The green light represents the American Dream which people are willing to do anything to achieve. As described by Nick, Gatsby’s hand was â€Å"trembling† (pg. 25) as he â€Å"stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way† (pg. 25), in reach of the green light which was â€Å"minute and far away† (pg. 25). This suggests that people were intriguedRead MoreMovie Analysis : Titanic Movie Titanic 1455 Words   |  6 Pagesused a few times in the movie by both Jack and Rose. This phrase is moderately interpreted when a distraught Rose is hanging over the side of the railing contemplating her life. Jack is there to save her when he uses the words portraying how if she were to jump then he would have to jump in after her. A rendition of these words are used a couple more times by Jack and Rose. â€Å"If you jump, I jump, remember,† says Rose after jumping from the lowering lifeboat and running through the crowd of frightenedRead MoreChain s By Laurie Halse Anderson1852 Words   |  8 Pages Summary: The novel Chains by author Laurie Halse Anderson, is about the protagonist, an eleven-year-old slave named Isabel fighting for her and her younger sister Ruth’s freedom during the uprising of the American Revolution. Isabel and her sister were supposed to be freed when their previous owner died, but since there was no physical will, the owner’s brother sold them to Anne (called Madam throughout the story) and Elihu Lockton; a cruel loyalist couple who then move to New York with Isabel andRead MoreThe Necessity of Partnership to Achieve Greatness Within City of Thieves2666 Words   |  11 Pagestheir view is changed by many powerful experiences throughout the series. A shining example is how Samwise saves Frodo in from impending death at the hands of orcs in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Return of the King: â€Å"For a second Sam halted, for suddenly things seemed clear to him, almost as if he had seen them with his eyes†¦ Frodo might be killed out of han d at any moment† (178). If Sam had not had the courage to go after Frodo and free him from the orcs, the ending to the series would have been quite differentRead MoreEssay about Inductive Bible Study Assignments for Submission #14602 Words   |  19 PagesStudy Assignments for Submission #1 Assignment 2-1: Describe the five steps of the Interpretive Journey. Answer each step with as much information as possible. In other words, do not just give a one line re-statement of the step, but write a summary type paragraph for each. Show me that you understand the interpretive journey process. Please limit your answer to the size of the text boxes. â€Å"Grasping the text in their town† is step number one of the interpretative journey. In order to effectivelyRead MoreWar by Luigi Pirandello2235 Words   |  9 Pagespsychological experience. In his lifetime, many of Pirandellos works were considered controversial. His work is known for its atmosphere of mystery and tension, along with the questions he raises about the fictions we create for ourselves. In 1934, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Luigi Pirandellos works are still strongly influencing playwrights and writers who explore lifes ironies and paradoxes. Summary: War by Luigi Pirandello is a short story about a couple whose son

Debt Example

Essays on Debt Coursework Debt The restrictions placed on and local government debt in North Carolina In North Carolina, there are limitations or restrictions on the amount of outstanding debt for the local government in relation to the state’s property tax base. The second major restriction is on property tax rates that the local government can levy for debt service requirements. This restriction is important as it limits the power of the local government to borrow carelessly with an aim of imposing the resultant burden on the citizens. The third restriction is the need for the approval of the bond issues that the government has proposed and this is done through a specific referendum. This constitution applies only to debts that the local government wants to acquire for a particular purpose. The state government is required to provide a balanced budget that does not have any carryover. This reduces the chances of having huge deficits that prompt the acquisition of loans. If a deficit occurs during a f inancial year, then it must be eliminated by increasing taxes or reducing spending instead of getting loans. Methods needed to avoid restriction limitsThe local government should utilize every of its money prudently. Any borrowing by the local government should also be done responsibly, prudently and in a locally responsive manner. The national debt should be reduced and the federal income tax should be replaced with tax from national retail sales. There should be fiscal discipline mechanisms or budgetary rules that will ensure that the local and state government does not spend more that it has. These include expenditure and tax limits. This means the budget size has to fit to the existing resources to the most practical extend possible. ReferencesBane, F. Et al. (1961). State Constitutional and Statutory Restrictions on Local Government Debt. Retrieved on 1st August, 2011. www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/A-10.pdf

Albert Einstein Book Review Free Essays

Albert Einstein remains one of the 20th Century’s most enigmatic yet popular figures. His high-minded concepts are more than most adults can handle, yet his popularity seems to rise with each passing year. His continuing importance to the world of physics is staggering given the recent advancements in the world of quantum physics. We will write a custom essay sample on Albert Einstein Book Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet Einstein the man is a much a different person than Einstein the scientist. It is Einstein the man that we see here, in this wonderful book by Maree Ferguson Delano. Delano, who also wrote  The Photogbiography of Thomas Alva Edison, returns to the photobiography format here as well, and it’s a good thing because Einstein is difficult enough to digest as it is. Photo after photo shows Einstein as a definitely human scientist, one who cared deeply for his family and who wanted desperately to have a â€Å"real† job. Einstein lived in Germany during the rise of the Nazis. The threat to his safety is very real, and it is partly because of the horrors that he sees growing up that he helps the Allies on the road to building the atomic bomb. He once wrote† Organized power can be opposed only by organized power. Much as I regreat this, there is no other way. † The author does an excellent job of capturing the essence of the scientist and his momentous discoveries. (But the reader won’t be able to get a complete picture of Einstein without a little further reading on his achievements. Delano tries mightily to distill the brilliance of Einstein into younger-reader-friendly terms, but it is a daunting task that escapes even the most brilliant of writers. His genius cannot be denied, however, and the author does a good job of displaying it for all to see. Einstein’s theories of relativity and spacetime are amazing, especially considering that he was a terrible student, one whom one of his teachers predicted â€Å"would never amount to anything. † That he conceived these monumental ideas with nothing more than pencil and paper and his own imagination is breathtakingly amazing. One theme that em erges from this discussion of Einstein’s life is how much he liked children. He felt that he never really grew up. He preferred the simple lives of children, who, in good times, didn’t have to worry about many things that their parents did, like food, clothing, and shelter. In his later years, he received thousands of letters every year. Many of those letters were from children, and he took great pleasure in responding to them. In doing so, as he did throughout his life, he didn’t talk down to children or force them to be adults to understand what he was saying. Rather, he became a child again, thinking in their terms and enjoying their lives, which were simpler than adults’. The photos, provided as always by the excellent library of the National Geographic, are excellent in illustrating the life of a man who needs no introduction. The requisite timeline at the back of the book is a help as well, allowing the reader to put into perspective the events of Einstein’s life. The Afterword is especially helpful, taking a look at how Einstein dominates public life even today, exactly 100 years after he announced his first theory of relativity. This book is recommended for older readers or for youngsters who have a basic understanding of physics. Some of the concepts are high-minded, and they have to be; this is not a bad thing. The author deals with the subject matter as ably as possible. The human story of Einstein—as father, husband, devoted son, friend to children—shines through as well and can be understood by readers of all ages. Adults, too, will get a more rounded picture of the great scientist by reading this book, which, like its subject, doesn’t talk down to anybody, instead putting its complex subject matter into terms that can be understood. How to cite Albert Einstein Book Review, Essay examples

The Analyze Actions of Abbott and Ethics †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze Actions of Abbott and Ethics. Answer: Every person who is a part of the society has ethical obligation in relation to other individuals and the society as a whole. In order to maintain peace and harmony in the society the government along with the presence of voluntary and unmodified ethics has in place mandatory and codified legal principles which person must comply with in relation to their actions. The purpose of the paper is to analyze actions of Abbott in the light of an ethical theory as well as from legal perspective. The theory which has been selected for analyzing the situation is that of Rights and Duties. According to the theory of Rights and Duties it is the obligation of a person to provide protection to rights and ensure the performance of duties. The rights and duties which are provided and imposed on a person are nearly absolute[1]. This means that under a very few, if any circumstances, only they can be compromised with. Therefore, a person is expected to ensure protection of rights along with the performance of duties under all circumstances. Thelaw does not permit stealing or theft in any situation or circumstances. A poor person cannot indulge in the act of stealing just because he is poor and has to steal for meeting is basic needs. A person is not allowed to make a defense in court that they had indulged in stealing because they were in dire needs[2]. It has been provided through the facts that Abbott is a student who comes from a poor family and he has to pay for his studies as well as contribute towards his family. He has also been recently diagnosed with iron deficiency and thus has been advised to incorporate iron into the diet which can be done by having more meat. He has further been instigated by his friends to steal from grocery stores. The moral reasoning behind the act is that stores earn a lot and have a responsibility to help poor students. According to Moorthy et al., It is the moral as well as legal duty of a person not to deprive any other person of their property in an unjust manner which includes theft[3]. There is no right which is provided to individuals where they are allowed to steel from other in any situation[4]. Thus the actions of Abbott in relation to stealing cannot be stated as being justified he does not have the right to do so in any situation. He may approach other government departments for help in relation to his problem but not steal from someone else. It is also his duty to ensure that he does not cause harm to other persons in the society which he has done to Ms Costello by stealing. In addition if he justifies his action of stealing as a matter of right that every person in need would be allowed to steal in the society and this would create a chaos[5]. Thus in this situation not only a legal breach has been made by Abbott but also an ethical breach in the light of Rights and Duties ethical reaso n. References Amos, T., et al. "The majority of crime: theft, motoring and criminal damage (including arson),[in:] Forensic Psychiatry: Clinical, Legal and Ethical Issues, J." Boca Raton (2014). Chris MacDonald, Law 122 Ethical Reasoning Module, Toronto, 2013.. Goh, Edmund, and Sandra Kong. "Theft in the hotel workplace: Exploring frontline employees perceptions towards hotel employee theft." Tourism and Hospitality Research (2016) Moorthy, M. Krishna, et al. "Employee perceptions of workplace theft behavior: A study among supermarket retail employees in Malaysia." Ethics Behavior 25.1 (2015): 61-85.

An Argument on Standardized Testing free essay sample

tests are now a common practice among America’s schools. This has caused one of the most controversial debates in society today. Supposedly, they are a great way to measure student achievement, but it appears that the exams could be much more detrimental than they seem. Students are failing to pass year-long classes due to a single test. There is no way that the information learned within such an amount of time can be accurately or even fairly assessed this way. Within every student is an unfathomable amount of details that make him or her think and act the way they do. Their intellectual level cannot, and should not, be based entirely on one high-stakes test at the term’s end. In agreement with this is professor of education and public policy, George Madaus. According to him, these tests â€Å"leave out one of the most informational things we have about these kids, and that’s teacher judgements. We will write a custom essay sample on An Argument on Standardized Testing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † This statement is a perfect example of the faults high-stakes testing has. Measures of achievement hold more substance than a simple arithmetic test can provide. Personality traits, moral development, the infinite complexities we have, these can only be judged by human interaction. One of the great quandaries associated with the standardized testing method is the weight attributed to such inaccurate scores. A myriad of factors could effect the outcome. The technology used to administer the test has been known to malfunction as well as the scoring system. Mentioned in a PBS interview discussing high-stakes testing, is a recent issue taking place in Massachusetts. Multiple tenth grade students have found errors in their statewide test. Some were textual, such as the naming of James Madison as John Madison, or a simple mistake on the math portion. However, some errors were not grammatical but as one critic stated â€Å"ambiguous, where A is the answer they want, but B isn’t that bad that really masks the true ability level of the kid. † One of the more well known questions of that sort was once presented to elementary school students stating, â€Å"Which of the following needs the least amount of water? † with three pictures beside it serving as the answers. First was a cactus, then a geranium, and finally a head of cabbage. The adults who created the test obviously intended for the cactus to be the correct choice, but a large number of students surprisingly chose the cabbage. When asked to explain what caused them to err, the kids logically responded that since the cabbage was no longer in the ground it had no reason to be watered. Various more factors have been causing students to receive scores below their level of knowledge. Among these are sudden illnesses, crisis outside of school, or in some cases just a bad day for taking a test. All of these are beyond the control of the test takers but can decide whether or not a vital class is passed or, in more serious cases, whether a senior is able to receive his or her diploma. Unfortunately, a percent of error is not taken into account for students. Amid the many faults of standardized exams lie some beneficial aspects. Created by these exams are valuable baselines for educational standards in a target area. This makes the comparison and analysis between scores possible, which, according to Diane Ravitch, a research professor at NYU, is important. Ravitch declared in a concession about the current standardizations that â€Å"Testing is not the problem information derived from tests can be extremely valuable, if the tests are valid and reliable. Ravitch’s concluding phrase brings about another problem. Although the knowledge gathered through these tests is needed, the practice of evaluating, and sometimes paying, schools and teachers by their standardized test scores has created a cheating epidemic. Corruption became imminent in the 1990s when then-governor of Texas George W. Bush initiated a plan that handed out rewards and funding only to improvin g schools. Since then cheating has been running rampant around the country. One of the more recent scandals involved test score manipulations in Atlanta, Georgia, which resulted in the indictment of thirty-five educators. Among them was the district superintendent. Robert Schaeffer, the public education director of FairTest accurately explains that â€Å"The widespread cheating problem is one more example of the ways politicians’ fixation on high-stakes testing is damaging education quality and equity. † The practice of using standardized testing in the American school system has become one of the most contentious topics in today’s society. Although educational standards are easily set and compared using these standardized tests, the unfair and inaccurate methods used to attain them do much more harm than good. Technological errors, miscommunication between test takers and test creators, fraudulence in school systems, it is obvious that these high-stakes exams are beyond faulty. However, the most malignant aspect of these tests is the levity a single test carries for students’ and educators’ annual achievement; this approach is completely unjust and provides a flawed report on all parties involved.

An era of inhumanity essays

An era of inhumanity essays Uncle Toms Cabin is one of the most famous and popular pieces of Civil War literature. It was drawn from selected pieces of a real life memoir done by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Uncle Toms Cabin was a book that drew many people into the fight over the institution of slavery. Few books can truly be said to have altered the course of history, and even fewer can be said to have started an entire war. Uncle Toms Cabin was one such novel. It is a realistic, although fictional, view of slavery that burned into the consciousness of America the images of brutal beatings and unfair slave practices. Originally planned for a series of short essays for the National Era in 1851-1852, Stowe gathered so much information, that it was too large for newspaper print, and was published originally by the Boston publishing company Jewett. (Smith, 1). Immediately, it became a hot seller with Northerners and Southerners alike. Many argued that there were false reports in what she wrote because the slave owners were portrayed as heartless devilish men, and the slaves were portrayed as their victims. Uncle Toms Cabin tells a story of adversity in the struggle for freedom, a look into human cruelty as well as human compassion, and one mans loyalty to those he is indentured to. The novel is more than just a narrative of slaves, but of human emotion rising up in the face of adversity. It is a story of the fight for freedom and an account of the history of America. (Smith, 1). The author brings out the humanity in the slaves and describes the great injustices that took place during the time. The main characters in this story are Uncle Tom, Eliza, and George Harris. We are cordially introduced to Uncle Tom. He is a large, broad-chested, powerfully-made man, of a full glossy black, and a face whose truly African features are characterized by and expression of grave and steady ...

Milestone 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Milestone 2 - Essay Example However, even the best individual encounters circumstances where his/her ethical and moral standards are tested (Bowen, 2009). The Annie Dookhan lab scandal is at the peak of legal, moral and ethical misconduct necessitating an overhaul of the American criminal justice system to avert future injustices. Forensic science can reveal information regarding whether or not a crime was committed, who committed the crime, and what transpired during the crime (James et al., 2009). Mishandling, manipulating, or misinterpreting even one piece of evidence could destroy a person’s life or pervert justice. It is vital that forensic personnel allow evidence to speak for itself without manipulations or errors (Bowen, 2009). Most people trust that scientific analyses provide trustworthy proof regarding the interpretation of evidence, failing to consider that humans handle the evidence, a situation that puts the evidence at risk of contamination (Bowen, 2009). From the scene of the crime to the lab and all the way into the courtroom, forensic personnel should always display good ethical and moral character, while providing trustworthy, first class forensic service (Bowen, 2009). Dookhan is just a drop of water in the ocean of a corrupt criminal justice system whose sole selfish ambition is to reap huge out of crimes committed. In the process, guilty individuals are set free while the innocent are convicted. When someone falsifies reports, interferes with evidence, misguides investigators, and fabricates credentials as Dookhan did (Jacobs, 2013), it shows that the whole system tolerates unethical and immoral conduct. Moreover, the legal backgrounds are so weak that these blatant misconducts go unnoticed and not remedied. Dookhan is just but a sacrificial lamb. The real issue should be the identification of the legal loopholes that lead to such gross unethical and immoral behaviors in the criminal justice system. Prosecuting Dookhan will not

Distance Education (online education) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distance Education (online education) - Essay Example However, it is to be born in mind that many of the distance learning systems also follow the semester system or quarter terms in terms of their academic schedule and the learners are asked to submit assignments and projects via Web or e-mail. Most of the online courses are either instructor-led or instructor-facilitated courses. Similarly, the online education system offers opportunity for the learners to receive timely instructions, clarifications and guidance from the instructors via internet. In the same way, the distance education emphasise that education is a continuous life long process and even learners who are unable to attend regular schooling or on-campus programs can achieve various degrees at the Associate, Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate levels. This paper seeks to explore the various aspects of distance education and in doing so the paper also deals with the major advantages and disadvantages of distance education (online education). The success or failure of distance education depends on various components. As Helm & Helm point out, â€Å"the electronic mail (e-mail), scheduled internet relay chat, and the World Wide Web are considered internet based components to online distance learning courses† (Helm & Helm 2) and therefore it is imperative that aspirants who wish to join online courses should have the necessary infrastructure for the same. Similarly, knowledge of the technology and essential computer skills are the two necessary prerequisites for online education and as Johnson and Manning point out, online education benefits the learner the most as one can plan one’s own schedule, save time and money, can complete many courses sooner than the regular stream, and can get rid of all sorts of pettiness and bias that prevail in traditional classes (Johnson, & Manning 12). Convenience and flexibility are the two factors that attract many learners towards distance or online

The Effects of Merger and Acquisitions on the Recent Worldwide Assignment

The Effects of Merger and Acquisitions on the Recent Worldwide Financial Crisis - Assignment Example Mergers occur when two or more entities come together (in a form of partnership) to form a single trading unit- the entities cease to exist and form a new firm. A good example is the merger of two banks Lloyds TSB and HBOS, following the global financial crisis, to form Lloyds TSB-HBOS (Rosenbaum, 2009). Acquisitions on the other hand, refer to one entity, the bidding company, taking over a target entity, by acquiring, through purchase, of its stakes that could include shares, stocks (majority control of its capital) or assets. For example, Lehman Brothers was declared bankrupt (at a debt of 613 Billion Dollars) due to the recent global financial crisis was bailed out by the American Federal Government (Mihm, 2010). Therefore, the major distinction between mergers and acquisition is the position of the shareholders. In mergers, the shareholders exchange their shares for shares of the new entity, while in Acquisitions; the target company is bought out, with shareholders paid in cash o r debt. Objectives of Mergers and Acquisitions The current wave of M&A began in 2005. A report by the International Monetary Fund indicates that, during this time, the world’s real GDP grew by 4.8%. ... Many business firms opt for M&A due to many reasons. To state briefly, it is argued most firms, go for M&A, to cut on production costs; that, it is cost effective in the long run to merge with or acquire a firm producing a raw material for the larger firm. This saves on market exchange costs while the synergy due to M&A cuts on departmental and running costs, compared to an increased revenue stream from a large market share and a centralized management. Secondly, M&A is seen to achieve competitive advantage, due to new market knowledge and goodwill acquired, territorial advantage of the native firm acquired. A firm will merge or acquire another, and excel in the new market, due to the knowledge and experience of the target entity, as opposed to efforts of the bidding company going to it alone, in the foreign market (Shan & Hamilton, 1991). Another reason for M&A is the financial advantage of tax reliefs. It is argued that a company which reports loses, is more likely to be bought off by another profitable one, as the target company’s reported loss will be utilized in reducing tax liability. However, most governments like the United States have legislations that limit and check against this practice (Mihm, 2010). A statistical study by Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies & Research indicated that, the Arabian banks and Companies, which are smaller in size compared to similar foreign institutions needed to merge so as to remain globally competitive. Also, indicated in the report is because, in the first three quarters of 2008, there were 48 mergers in the Middle East only (Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, 2009). Shan & Hamilton in their article â€Å"country-specific advantage and

Understanding Food Health Nutrition And Diet Media Essay

Understanding Food Health Nutrition And Diet Media Essay Good nutrition is vital to good health. With such multiculturism and modern society, food has established to be much more sophisticated and in variety. Our world is swept away with not we eat as a normal food but it has been triggering our taste buds by colourful advertisements. Although minority of people in uk may eat well but most of them from backward and disadvantaged society care less about how they eat. Poor nutrition is the major problem in our country, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity, have produced to the growth of obesity in our country. The purpose of this assignment is to create a difference between food and diet and similarly it includes how the media representation has affected our lives with unhealthy choices and the impact on health wellbeing. The assignment reflects on the policy of food manufactures which influences the range and quality of the food consumed, and furthermore we will focus on unhealthy eating habits which have lead a threat to different kinds of diseases in Uk. Background As food industry is rapidly growing we will focus on how early advertisements for foods had helped in changing the way of food we eat. The word advertising is acquired from the French advertisement which is also said as a giving attention or broadcast. The aim of the advertisement is to publicly convey the information through mass communication. Advertising brings focus to variety of products such as consumer products, including food which is also a major consumer of advertising. Advertising depends on individual manufactures or as in a group and by wholesalers,retailes and distributors According to the long history of advertising, modern advertising began with discovery of printing in the sixteenth century. The early advertisements for foods which were implied those for books, medicines, cures and remedies meant to be for foods and drinks that were first dominated by upper class people. The English first reported coffee in 1652,chocolate in 1657 and tea in 1658. there was no significance expansion of print advertisements until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The growth of the advertisement began to spread by changing and developing trade patterns especially the rail network and the improvement of roads, therefore the improvement of transportation granted the expansion of extended regional and national trade  networks. As  the goods and products began increasing they had to be more efficient and effectively distributed and marketed. The early stage of advertisement included the print media, the spread of literacy, newspapers and magazines ,after 1850 ,t he development  stimulated. In  the last hundred years that advertisement has developed in a major industry. So it has become important that it is the core to the production of general communications and provides the commercial basis that qualifies to exist. Understanding Food, Health, Nutrition and Diet Food Food can be defined as the any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain life and growth when absorbed. However when most of the animals feed, they repeatedly consume foods necessary for their wellbeing but in humans, however, do not eat .they eat. Over the last 100 years the society has believed that the apart from supplying basic energy ,food has very little sustain on physical and mental health .food then, is something very powerful rather that of mere nourishment ,it forms the significance of the very being. Health Health comparable to love or joyness is hard to explain or basically impossibly to measure. According to WHO (World health organisation),health is defined as a state of complete ,physical ,mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of diseases and infirmity. This definition of health has a whole dimension of meaning on how we understand health. Our health is affected by how we choose to live our life and these aspects of life depends on mental issues ,significance such as climate ,our intake in nutritional food ,comfortable shelter, clean air to breath and pure water to drink and socially how much we are connected with our family, friends and in our workplace. Health is how we take decisions in our daily life, sometimes the social and physical environment present obstacles to making healthier choices. Health is not something that happens miraclously.There is three main things to remember about health. Being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible. Being active ,able to do what you want and what you must at the appropriate time. Being in good spirits and feeling emotionally healthy most of the time. Nutrition Nutrition is the study of all the intercommunication that occur between people and food. It includes the understanding which nutrients we need ,where to find them in food ,how they are used by our bodies,and the result they have on our health .It s also considered the other factors such as society ,culture, economies and technology, which are involved in maintain and choosing the food we eat. we do not eat specific nutrient,we eat food and we choose the right amount of combination of foods and thus our diet provides all the nutrients we need to stay healthy and if we choose a poor amount of food in our body the essential nutrients will be missing in our body   but however to maintain the right nutrients it can be very challenging and difficult because we eat for many other reasons but we do not eat thinking that we need nutrients to maintain a good diet . There are over 40 different nutrients important to human life. We need to consume these nutrients in our diets because it   is not made by our body and it cannot be made in large amounts to get healthy. Different food contains different nutrients depending in amounts and combinations. Nutrients provide three basic functions in the body. Some nutrients provide energy, some provide antibodies and some provide structure. Each nutrients has its own unique way of performing all these functions and all the nutrients together are needed for growth, to maintain and repair the body and to allow us to reproduce Diet Diet is the right amount of food we eat according to our bodys resistance. Once our nature of diet is determined, it is important to develop and control of what we eat .this is important because to provide enough energy as well as balance our metabolic needs . Although we have the right amount of our nutrients it is important to have a balance diet. As for the formal routine of our meals which is three square meals depending on what we eat in our breakfast, lunch and dinner but many of us end up eating much more than how much we have to eat . we indulge ourselves with several snacks or treats thorough out the day depending on our food and energy .the pattern of eating has been changing thus to maintain of body nutrients we need to have a   balanced diet and approach to healthy eating. Life style and behaviour Early childhood is considered the most important stage of the development. Healthy early child development includes the physical. Healthy early child development includes the physical, social (emotional and language) and cognitive behaviours each of which is equally important . our early childhood stages of influenced by wellbeing ,obesity, or stunting ,mental health, heart disease,literacy and numeracy criminality and economic participation through life.   The relationship between lifestyle and health is regardless of understanding the consequences and of personal decision making and patterns of behaviour that have tremendous effect on health and on the nations economy. The range of other behaviours that adversely affect health is tremendous. Our dietary behaviours such as consumption of fat ,sodium, and sugar ,leading to an epidemic of obesity   and associated problems. Fast food has donimated the cycle of food industry .the cheaper price and tasty way of changing   how eat .it is impossible to count and focus on how to check the intake of carbohydrate and fatty food . on the other hand if we talk about exercises , it is yet very essential to at least jog or walk a mile everyday to reorganise our body but because of growing number of facilities and remedies were prolong to give ourselves some time, so should we blame on modernisation? We have easily coped with modern society and its technology .many researchers has revealed that t oo much spending time on for example television can cause harmful illness as it has less physical activity. These days children has no outdoor activities because they are lured in computers, video games and mobiles. Difference between Food and Diet food diet Provides nutrients(proteins, fats carbohydrate, minerals) Habitual eating Origin from plants and animals Maintains body nutrients Two methods Hunting, gathering and agriculture Restricting over eating according to our height and weight Consists variety of such as vegetables, meat and dairy products Healthy lifestyle   Nutritional requirements Proper nutrition is a very essential to our body because it keeps or body functioning normally. Our body cannot function on its on it needs nutrients from food to transfer all the energy we need and the nutrients is obtained from our diet therefore our body will store them . Nutrition also targets on how diseases, conditions and the problems can be prevented with a healthy diet but moreover it helps in recognizing certain diseases or problems such as poor diet ,food allergies and other metabolic diseases. A well-nourished body equally distributes all the nutrients in the food to all parts of the body. Nutrition is categorised in two ways macronutrients and micronutrients, both has a vital role to providing the right amount of nutrients. Macronutrients consists of carbohydrates, proteins and fats where as micronutrients includes minerals, vitamins and water. Advantages and disadvantages of processed food Food processing is the process of changing raw food materials into more readily usable form. Its advantages and disadvantages are: Advantages: 1. We get food materials out of season. 2. It prevents spoilage of food stuff. 3. It enables the availability of food material at distant places. 4. Storage period increases. Disadvantages: 1. Processed food-stuffs often lose nutrients. 2. Milled and polished rice results in loss of iron and vitamin B. 3.   There is loss in weight and nutrients. 4. The original taste changes to some extent. Function of food advertising Advertising has plays an vital role and has number of functions. it  is meant to launch new  products. It  is used to increase the sale of the products that are already established in the marketplace. In 1956 the advertisement for the biscuit company ,manufactured by Cadbury caused a high increase in its sales.the main function of advertisement is to promote the growth of the product.with higher incomes,fancy eating and changing drink makes a competition in the marketplace to regain its market strength. Costs of Advertising Plenty of money is being spend for food advertising. In Great Britain in 1999 the top food advertiser was Mars, a confectionery firm, which spent $99,488,921 ( £63,629,000) on its advertising; the second, spending $82,966,590 ( £53,062,000), was Kelloggs (GB), followed by the supermarket chain J. Sainsbury with $76,846,990 ( £49,151,000). The top brand was McDonalds fast-food restaurants, which spent $66,260,524 ( £42,379,000). Other highly advertised brands include the other fast-food restaurants, Kentucky Fried Chicken $19,279,797 ( £12,331,000) and Burger King $17,604,550 ( £11,259,000). Among the high food advertisers were supermarkets that promoted both their stores and their branded products. Sainsburys was the top supermarket brand ($45,528,848, or  £29,118,000) followed by Tesco ($28,564,912, or  £18,286,000), then Asda ($25,034,171, or  £16,010,000). As these figures suggest, not all foodstuffs are advertised to the same extent. In Britain in 1999, highly advertised foods include cereal products, confectionery, ice cream, potato crisps, snacks and nuts, margarine, lowfat spreads, and cheese. By comparison, small sums are spent on herbs and spices, excluding pepper and curry. Advertising-to-sales ratios vary greatly between products. For herbs and spices and fresh vegetables the figure may be as low as 0.06 percent and 0.07 percent respectively. Many foods had less than a 1 percent ratio. Intensive advertising at 11.31 percent was noted for cereals. Generally, advertising of food products shows a lower percentage of expenditure than that of other products, including alcoholic drinks and tobacco source:  http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising-of-food Advertising Media Food is advertised through a number of channels. As new technologies have become available, the opportunities for advertising have enlarged. A number of these are especially important. Newspapers and magazines have long been a significant vehicle for advertising. Newspapers in Britain published advertisements in the seventeenth century, and, as the provincial press expanded, greater opportunities became available for food advertising. In the later nineteenth century, magazines increasingly started to carry advertisements: In the United States in the 1930s, some 20 percent of products advertised in the major print advertising media of womens and domestic magazines were for food and drink products. When radio networks were discovered(in 1926 and 1927 in the United States), they used advertising to bring in cash flow. Food and drink manufacturers sponsored programs and also advertised their products in short commercial breaks. In the 1950s television introduced a further medium that owe s its effectiveness to the wide range of means that can be used to promote a product: moving pictures, sound (voice and music), and the written word. In the late twentieth century the introduction and extended use of the World Wide Web and e-commerce had an enormous initial growth. In the United Kingdom, growth rates for online marketing since the mid-1990s have been consistently well in excess of 100 percent, year after year. Internet advertising is undertaken through a number of means. In the year 2000, the majority (81 percent) of advertising took place through banners, and small numbers through sponsorship (9 percent), classified advertisements (7 percent), and other means (3 percent). Internet advertising includes sites from manufacturers, product manufacturing boards, supermarkets (which allow for online shopping and home delivery), and food enthusiast sites (for example, for British products in the United States). Other media have provided further means of advertising food. Billboards and hoardings were first used for this purpose in Britain in the 1890s and are found over a wide geographical area. Light displays in cities, such as those for the carbonated drink Irn-Bru in Glasgow and Coca-Cola in London, have presented advertisements as visual images within central cityscapes. Buses and electric cars (especially since the 1890s in the United States) have carried advertising, usually on their sides or rear. Manufacturers advertise their products on their distribution vans; some also have special promotional vehicles that they use in campaigns where they take their product to public places or special shows to advertise it. Sponsorship of major public popular and sporting events is undertaken by a number of manufacturers. Flora margarine, made from sunflower oil, which is high in essential polyunsaturated, has been the sponsor of the London marathon in the late 1990s; the Bells open golf champio nship is sponsored by Bells, the whiskey manufacturer. Advertising and promotion of foods is undertaken within the retail industry. Fancy displays draw attention to one or a range of products. In Britain, displays from the 1860s included decorative tins with hinged lids developed by the biscuit manufacturer Huntley and Palmers of Reading. As self-service supermarkets developed, largely after World War II, products could be displayed to draw special attention to them. Three-dimensional displays promoted a single product or a range, and tended to be developed by manufacturers. Supermarkets sometimes hold special testing events where customers can sample a product, thereby encouraging them to buy it. Food is also sold in special promotional packets, sometimes at a special introductory price or a special promotional price. These may hold a sample of the product that can be packaged in a way that reflects the packaging on the regular-sized product. A range of temporary material is distributed to food wholesalers and retailers by manufacturers and others involved in processing and distribution. Some of this, including calendars, pens, and pads of headed note paper, is intended to remind the consumer of the product on a daily basis. Coupons, which allow the consumer to receive a discount on the product when they present one to a retailer, are found in a range of print media, especially newspapers and magazines. The medium that is used to advertise a product is selected for its appropriateness to that product, the nature and scope of the advertising campaign, and its desired target audience. Each medium has its own values and qualities. When television started to become widely adopted in Britain in the mid-1950s, Birds Eye decided to use this new medium to advertise its frozen food products. The company was aware that families with televisions were more likely to be interested in new ideas such as Birds Eyes products. At that time it was recognized that there was a potentially large market for frozen food, which was a relatively new phenomenon. In the 1920s daily newspapers were best suited to advertise foods and other products that were bought on a regular basis. Magazines that were to be read by a particular social class or group carried advertisements for foods and other products that would likely be consumed by them. Advertising Targets Much food advertising is targeted at women, the main buyers of food in the household. As children are recognized as important persuaders in that process and as they may accompany their mothers to buy the family food, advertising is also targeted at them. Recent studies of food advertising in South Africa show the need of advertisers to monitor social changes because food advertising, like advertising in general, reflects social and cultural trends, values, and attitudes. Cultural differences are also reflected in advertising. Chinese television advertisements tend to signify family values, tradition, and technology, whereas themes in American advertisements tend to symbolize the importance of enjoyment, cost savings, and individualism. With the emergence of global culture, specific values such as global cosmopolitanism and modernity (often symbolized by the hamburger) will be spread around the world. Food advertising reflects changing food tastes, diet, and dietary habits. The extent of the references to nutrition, health claims, and weight loss has altered in advertisements in recent decades. Research has indicated that in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s there was an increase in references to health and weight loss in advertisements for hot and cold cereals, bread and cake mixes, frozen and pre-prepared entrees, peanut butter, canned and instant dry soup, and carbonated beverages in a range of womens magazines. There was a significant rise in health claims in the 1980s, higher than in the 1960s, and the percentage of diet claims that appeared in food advertisements in the 1980s was significantly higher than the percentage reported in the 1960s and 1970s. At the same time, between 1960 and 1980, there were substantial decreases in claims of quality, taste, status, and consumer satisfaction. These may have resulted from changes in womens consumption and dieting behav ior and the increased demand for food that is low in calories but high in nutrition. Concerns about increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States and campaigns against fast-food artificiality-both within the United States and beyond-will likely influence food advertising. SOURCE http://www.answers.com Brand Names Central to the advertising of food is the promotion of brand names and trade names that distinguish between one manufacturers product and that of another. As the survival of these names depends on advertising, some brands and trade names have large advertising budgets allocated to them so that they can maintain their status as products and their place in the marketplace. Brands and trade names arose in the nineteenth century as a response to increased production and the need to efficiently and effectively market products. Brand names started to be promoted in the 1870s, after which their use spread quickly. Significant increases were especially noted in the early twentieth century. Even after they were rapidly adopted, the extent of their use varied geographically and throughout time. During World War II, when widespread restrictions caused materials and food shortages, brand names were abandoned in Europe and were replaced by utility products. They came into operation again once pea cetime conditions were restored. In some cases this was not until well after all controls on food and other raw products were lifted. Especially developed in Western Europe, brand names were, however, prohibited in Eastern Europe. Source http://www.answers.com Impact on health and well being   As we all know the effects of advertising on our lives but lets focus on how much damage it has build in our lifestyle. Large amounts of money are spent in food advertising but as we buy them it all ends up in costing our money as well as our health. In uk obesity is rising in vast number, but there is one reason that is very important is over eating and eating unhealthy food such as junk food, processed food is creating more problem than any other reasons. We are so much brain washed by the advertisements that we spend lots of money just to satisfy our needs and wants.   The childhood obesity is a serious public health problem .Food industry targets children and youth thus leading to body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, depression, bullying and low self-esteem. Obese children has many chronic illnesses such as diabetes,asthma,cancer and other cardiovascular disease but there can be many other psychological and social distress as well but although advertisements do not control on how much we spend and how much we eat it is basically the foods are getting cheaper and more tastier. Conclusion Food advertisement is nor good or bad but how much it has influenced on our health and diet has raised concerns. Food product choice is overwhelming as well as TV commercials and print advertisements has been increased in unhealthier choices. Everything is advertised from food to other materials. As we are lured into buying the food products it has been very difficult to cope with the health problems .Children and women are the main targets because it is very convincing and exclusive. It is not only important to realise that health can be deterioted by our personal choices but as giving ourselves a little bit of time and having a healthy lifestyle. We all seem to be aware about the consequences about the diseases but simple steps can change on how we choose to live our lives. physical activities, healthy food, social interaction ,comfortable shelter and good sleep are some examples that can change our health , therefore we should always control our stress level and try to maintain a healthier choices.

Coppolas Interpretation of Dracula as a Love Story Essay -- Movie Fil

Coppola's Interpretation of Dracula as a Love Story      Ã‚  Ã‚   The protagonist and story of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula have been widely interpreted and adapted in films throughout many years. Despite almost a century of time since the initial publication, Dracula has maintained its ability to frighten and mesmerize readers. Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula; however, utilizes the erotic romance of the original novel in order to depict a tragic love story. The film accurately follows the general plot of the novel, yet presents the characters in a unique manner that provides for a different appreciation of the characters.    Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of Stoker's novel begins with the presentation of how Dracula became an immortal creature doomed to thirst for the blood of living animals. This story is essential to the interpretation of Dracula in Coppola's film. Dracula was a knight in the sacred army of the church, who left his wife in order fight against an invading Turkish army. He was successful in preventing the invasion of the Turks, yet they retaliated by sending his wife, Elizobeta, a letter that falsely reported his death in the battle. Upon hearing this tragic news, Elizobeta committed suicide by jumping into a river. When Dracula returns from the battle he discovers that his beloved wife is dead, and when the church tells him that her soul cannot be saved because she had taken her own life, he turns against the church and renounces God for betraying him. Dracula strikes the stone crucifix behind the altar in the church, which causes blood to gush from the stone. Dracula drinks the bloo d and vows to oppose God for eternity, whereby causing himself to become eternally damned as a vampire. The mos... ...by comparing Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula, to the film adaptation by director Francis Ford Coppola, the main theme of the movie is discovered to be that Dracula sacrificed himself for his true love. James Craig Holte agrees in his statement that parallels the conclusion of this paper "In Coppola's vampire world, the world of contemporary gothic fiction and film, the moral universe has changed: good and evil are no longer opposites, and actions no longer expected consequences, since love conquers all" (Holte 87).    Works Cited Holte, James Craig. Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York: Signet, 1992. Bram Stoker's Dracula. Screenplay by James V. Hart. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Anthony Hopkin, Keanu Reeves. Columbia Tristar, 1992.

Martin Luther Essay

Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany. Although he was brought up in a catholic faith, he changed his faith by starting a new Christian movement that was against the teachings of Catholicism, which was consequently named as Lutheran. He taught as a theology lecturer, hence a professional in theology and he was a preacher as well. His parents Hans Luder mother Margarethe were catholic believers, therefore as soon as he was born; he got baptism on the following day which was St. Martin of Tours day of feast. He had brothers and sisters; however, two of his brothers passed way as a result of a plague. Jacob who had tight bonds with Martin lived on to old age. Martin’s father rented copper mines and smelters and he also worked as a spokesperson in the local council. Besides he wanted the best for his son; he aspired that Martin would be a lawyer . Martin began his early school life in 1497 at Mansfield, Magdeburg and Eisenach in that order; where he learnt Latin. When he was seventeen years of age he was a student at the University of Erfurt and by the year 1505, he had completed his postgraduate studies and was awarded a masters degree. Since his father wanted him to be a lawyer, he went ahead and registered for the law school however, he never pursued the course to completion since according to him law was ambiguous. Instead he preferred to study more on theology and philosophy and was fascinated by former philosophers like William of Ockham, Aristotle and Gabriel Biel. Nonetheless, he was more drawn to lecturers who taught on not laying trust on anyone including the philosophers unless the claims they state could be approved through familiarity. Because of this reason, Martin concluded that knowledge in philosophy could not help people get close to God because it merely emphasized on reasoning; which is valid when applied to people and organizations but not God. According to Luther, people could only acknowledge who God is by understanding the scriptures. From here, his quest for scripture understanding began. Later in 1505, Martin Luther abandoned his studies and joined the catholic monastery. Luther’s life as a monk was constituted by refraining from food, pilgrimage, declaration of his sins before a priest for forgiveness and praying for lengthy periods. The life at the monastery wasn’t easy at all; the monks spent less time in bed and they had to work hard in order to sustain community members. He confesses that his commitment to the church as a monk was not delighting to God; rather it made him aware of how sinful he was. Furthermore, the period within which he served as a monk gave a different perception of Jesus Christ in his life; the Christian life at the monastery was like a detention center that harassed innocent people, yet Jesus is â€Å"a Savior and a comforter†. Nevertheless, the monastery hardship transformed Luther as he found more time to know the Bible. Afterward, it was contemplated by Johann von Staupitz that Luther required to do something else so that his quest for the scripture could be disrupted. Accordingly, after his priestly ordination, he proceeded as a theology lecturer of Wittenberg University. By 1509, Luther had received two degrees; one in Biblical studies and the other in sentences. After three years, he graduated as a doctor in theology thereby becoming a member of the senate in the faculty of theology in the University of Wittenberg . The controversial issues regarding Catholicism began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses. The theses focused on the indulgences that were sold in the church. Since the pope wanted funds to put up the St. Peter’s church in Rome, pardoning of sins was granted on condition that the sinner paid money. In other instances, one could purchase pardon for sins that he or she expects to commit. This spurred concern in Martin Luther because as he had read in the scripture, deliverance is freely given; whereas in Rome, salvation was an article of trade that could be traded between two partners- a sinner and the priest. Besides, more indulgences were sold so that those souls that were in purgatory could be released. Moreover, according to the Roman Catholic Theology it was believed that faith is not enough to justify a human being unless it is accompanied by deeds, for instance participating in works of charity and giving the church financial contributions . Luther objected the issue of indulgences that were being sold; consequently, he drafted a note to the archbishops of Magdeburg and Mainz; this note is what was later referred to as the 95 theses. A copy of the note he wrote to the archbishop was put on the door of Castle Church. According to Luther, the absolution and forgiveness of sins based on indulgences was wrong and deceptive. Within a short time the theses were converted to German, because they were written in Latin; after which they were printed and reproduced to make many copies. Accordingly, the reprinted theses were extensively distributed to various parts within Germany. Between 1510 and 1520, he spent his time in teaching the New Testament books including the Psalms. Even as he studied the Holy Scriptures, he came to realize that justification was a very significant aspect in salvation. That God acknowledges a sinner and makes him righteous when he believes the scripture; also God saves sinners because of grace. Luther proceeded to preach about justification, how it came from God’s only and faith as a present for humanity from God. The Roman papal authority took a period of three years to act in response to Luther’s writings despite the fact that the theses had been distributed at a faster rate. The Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg whom the letter was addressed to preferred not to answer Luther, but rather identified heretical phrases then sent the letter to Rome. Pope Leo X overlooked the letter believing that it was not a grievous issue; to him Luther was only drunk and after sometime he would get back to his senses. However, the perception was wrong: Country’s such as England, Italy and France were reading the theses by 1519. Furthermore, he wrote and published commentaries Psalms and Galatians, even though he had to work under protection. By 1520, he had published three books that are considered to be the most excellent among his works- â€Å"On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, On the Freedom of A Christian and To the Nobility of the German Nation. The Pope came to rethink of Luther’s thesis in 1519 and ordered him to give details of his theses which he did in a synopsis. As a result, Luther was called to meet the Pope in Rome so that he could give a detailed justification to his writings. Nonetheless, Luther went to Rome but as it was arranged by Frederick the Wise, he met Cardinal Thomas Cajetan who was a legate to the pope Nevertheless, the pope went ahead and wrote to Luther in a writing termed as â€Å"papal bull Exsurge Domine† cautioning him to denounce the theses he had written as well as subsections within the books that he had written, in a period of sixty days; failure of which would result in him getting suspended from the catholic community. Conversely, Luther burnt the papal bull and the other manuscripts, an action he later justified in his writings- Assertions Concerning All Articles as well as Why the Pope and His Recent Book Are Burned. Following this, Luther was suspended out of the Roman Catholic community in 1521 by the Pope. Later in April, 1521, Luther was presented before the Diet of Worms, a gathering of the Roman Empire authorities in Worms, Rhine. It was required of him to confirm if he was the author of the theses and the other books he had written, an issue he readily confirmed. However, in answering whether he supported the writings, he agreed after one day having discussed with friends and prayed. Accordingly, in May 1521, Luther was declared a heretic and his writings were banned. In addition, no one was permitted to provide neither shelter nor food as this would amount to punishment. Luther by the help of the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick III, stayed separate away from people in the Castle of Wartburg for about eleven months under the name Junker Jorg. It is during this period that he interpreted the New Testament, initially in Greek to German . When he went back to Wittenberg in March 1522, Luther continued to preach and many people were drawn to his sermons. He revised the church doctrines and assisted in reinstating peace and unity within the nation. The new church doctrines were based on faith, grace and scripture alone. Instead of the seven sacraments that exist in the Roman Catholic, only two sacraments were recognized- baptism and the Holy Communion. Lutheranism did not advocate for celibacy, however, no one was forced to marry. The first Lutheran declaration of faith, otherwise referred to as the Augsburg Confession, was read before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1530. The reformed church decided to name the new church as Lutheran in honor of Luther. Luther married Katharina who was initially a nun but defected. He passed away in 1546, in Eisleben after having been ill . Bibliography Collinson, P. (2004): The Reformation: a history, ISBN 0679643230, 9780679643234, Modern Library. Doak, R. S. (2006): Pope Leo X: Opponent of the Reformation, ISBN 0756515947, 9780756515942, Compass Point Books. Edwards, M. U. (March, 2000): Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483-1546. The Christian Century, Vol. 117. Fairchild, M. (2009): Martin Luther Bibliography. Retrieved on 13th April, 2009, from: http://christianity. about. com/od/lutherandenomination/a/martinlutherbio_2. htm Marius, R. (1999): Martin Luther: the Christian between God and death, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0674550900, 9780674550902, Harvard University Press. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2007): Luther, Martin, Sixth Edition, 2007.

The Analysis of the Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay Essays

The Analysis of the Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay Essays The Analysis of the Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay Essay The Analysis of the Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay Essay What we call a â€Å"Chicago accent† is really called the Inland North American idiom. This encompasses the major metropoliss around the Great Lakes. The idiom used to be considered the standard American speech pattern until the part experienced a vowel displacement. now called the North Cities Vowel Shift. Who Speaks the Chicago Dialect? Or instead. who doesn’t? The reply. of class. is African Americans in the Chicago part. who have their ain ( and boundlessly more interesting ) idiom. Though this may be obvious. African Americans are the largest population group in Chicago. and it would be irresponsible to overlook the fact that the Chicago idiom is non used by the largest sector of the city’s population. The most outstanding characteristic of the Chicago idiom is that it is undergoing the Northern Cities Vowel Shift. This is most noticeable in words with the /ae/ vowel. which gets â€Å"raised† so that it’s near to /e/ . Thus. ‘bad’ sounds a spot like ‘bed. ’ or. ‘beead. ’ Another noteworthy facet of this vowel displacement is that /o/ is â€Å"fronted† so that it is closer to /ah/ . So hot sounds a lttle like ‘hat. ’ As an on-going alteration. it is more prevailing and more marked among immature people. middle-class people. and females. but it is rather widespread. about all white Chicagoans exhibit this vowel displacement. at least to some extent. A more local vowel development is a monophthongization of /ow/ to /oh/ . so that ‘south’ becomes ‘soth’ and ‘down’ becomes ‘don. ’ This is more conservative and less widespread. Besides we can detect that when a vowel sound moves into another vowel’s district. the consequence may be a amalgamation - as when the sound of caught comes to be pronounced with the lingua in the same part of the oral cavity as for fingerstall. In a different form. the motion of one vowel spurs a reactive motion in a adjacent vowel. As with aliens in an lift. one vowel displacements to maintain its distance when another enters the infinite. These co-ordinated motions are heard in the Northern Cities Shift. which affects six different vowels. those looking in caught. fingerstall. cat. spot. stake and but. In this alteration. caught takes on a vowel similar to that originally used for fingerstall. The fingerstall vowel besides shifts. going more like the vowel of cat. The vowel of cat takes a place closer to that normally heard with spot and sometimes sounds like the â€Å"ea† in thought. Wordss like spot are pronounced with a vowel nearer to wager or even but whereas stake words have a vowel similar to that in cat or but. and the vowel but words comes to sound more like that of caught. When these alterations are plotted harmonizing to the placement of the lingua. the connexions among them are clear and the displacement resembles a clockwise rotary motion of the vowels in the oral cavity. The Northern Cities Shift: These usher words are positioned to stand for where in the oral cavity the lingua is placed for those vowel sounds. The pointers indicate the waies of alteration impacting the sounds. Consonants The stereotype about Chicagoans is that they say â€Å"dis† alternatively of â€Å"this. † but that’s non wholly accurate. The existent pronunciation is someplace in between. To come close it. first pronounce /th/ the standard manner. with the tip of your lingua between your dentitions. Then. maintaining your dentitions apart. travel the tip of your lingua to the dorsum of your dentitions. That’s the typical Chicago /th/ . Contrast it with /d/ . which is made with the dentitions closed. and the lingua against the roof of the oral cavity. This is a conservative trait. and is more common among older people. working category people. and males. The voiceless equivalent. that is. the /th/ of in the word ‘thick’ is even more conservative. Vocabulary Chicago vocabulary is reasonably everyday. As a widely distributed topographic point. the vocabulary is more generalised than in rural countries. so that Chicagoans are at least familiar with words that were once used by dialectologists as markers of Southern idiom or â€Å"Midland† – that is. the idiom in between Northern and Southern. However. there are a few localisms which are deserving mentioning: What other people call rubbernecking. Chicagoans call â€Å"gaping† – therefore an accident on the side of the route can do a â€Å"gapers’ delay† or â€Å"gapers’ block. † Besides. Chicagoans are more likely to utilize the term â€Å"gym places. † Grammar In Chicago. like in other American metropoliss that had tonss of German-speaking immigrants. â€Å"with† can be used more often as a verbal complement. Therefore. while most Americans might state â€Å"come with. † Chicagoans can besides state â€Å"take with† and â€Å"have with. † Consider the undermentioned spot of duologue from Chicagoan David Mamet’s play â€Å"American Buffalo. † : Donny: ( Talking about a gun ) I don’t want it with.Thatch: Well. I want it with.In the 1996 movie version. Donny’s line sounds all right when delivered by Chicagoan Dennis Franz. but Angeleno Dustin Hoffman has problem doing Teach’s line sound natural ; he’s clearly uncomfortable stating it.

s Presence

makes you think that you can see in to his inner thoughts. Since this works is a speech it is the writer’s presence. Every time I read this essay it makes me think about the man who gave it. King was a very powerful African American man. I feel that he is most recognizable by his powerful voice. Voice is an important part of the speech. McQuade and Atwan characterize voice, as â€Å"The writers â€Å"signature† †(2). This speech, if given by any other person, would have been weak. This was because of the tremendous support that the King had when he gave this speech. At a time where his people where not wanted, King rose above it and brought to life the injustices. All through out the speech King’s voice is easily detected. The voice of this speech is so powerful that people still think about this speech when they hear the phrase â€Å"I have a Dream.† Personal experience is another concept that that is easily seen in this essay. This speech would not have been as influential if any other person but an African American person gave this speech. Most importantly this speech would not of been so revolutionary if Martin King did not give it. At the time King stood for the people of his heritage. For African Americans, King was their leader to freedom. All of their struggles and all of their hardships are cried out through the King. King makes this connection by using the term â€Å"We†. ... 's Presence Free Essays on Writer\'s Presence The Writer’s Presence, written by Donald McQuade and Robert Atwan, stresses the importance of the writer’s presence. They outline four possible ways to find an authors presence in his work. Martin Luther King’s speech â€Å"I have a Dream† is one work where the writer’s presence is very easy to see. The speech is so well known to me that every time I hear it, the speech makes things inside of me feel different. This is because I feel like I am right with him at the time of the speech. The way that he organizes the words makes you think that you can see in to his inner thoughts. Since this works is a speech it is the writer’s presence. Every time I read this essay it makes me think about the man who gave it. King was a very powerful African American man. I feel that he is most recognizable by his powerful voice. Voice is an important part of the speech. McQuade and Atwan characterize voice, as â€Å"The writers â€Å"signature† †(2). This speech, if given by any other person, would have been weak. This was because of the tremendous support that the King had when he gave this speech. At a time where his people where not wanted, King rose above it and brought to life the injustices. All through out the speech King’s voice is easily detected. The voice of this speech is so powerful that people still think about this speech when they hear the phrase â€Å"I have a Dream.† Personal experience is another concept that that is easily seen in this essay. This speech would not have been as influential if any other person but an African American person gave this speech. Most importantly this speech would not of been so revolutionary if Martin King did not give it. At the time King stood for the people of his heritage. For African Americans, King was their leader to freedom. All of their struggles and all of their hardships are cried out through the King. King makes this connection by using the term â€Å"We†. ...

Is management accounting in the public sector different to mangement Essay

Is management accounting in the public sector different to mangement accounting for the private sector - Essay Example â€Å"In the last few years the question has arisen as to how far the business-oriented concepts of management accounting and control could be employed for non-profit organisations (especially in the field of public management). In the public sector, sparse or deficit budgets and pressing demands for effective, efficient and transparent means of achieving results provide the background for the discussion. However, due to the special characteristics of non-profit organisations, it is clear that the concepts used in private business need some modifications†. (Meyer, 2003) However, when it comes to management accounting in public sector as well as private sector, there seems to be a marked difference between the two approaches. Managerial accounting within private sector may be driven by objectives which may not be similar to the objectives which management of public sector organization may be pursuing. Thus it is possible that the management accounting in public sector may be different from the management accounting in private sector organizations. There can be different reasons for that as both the kind of organizational structures tend to have basic differences in their overall purposes. A private organization may be more interested in generating value for its shareholders thus effectively remain profit oriented with major aim of earning profit whereas public organizations may have different purposes and aims therefore the managerial accounting processes adopted in both the organizational styles and structures. This essay will discuss whether the management accounting practices in public sector organizations is different from the management accounting practices being adopted by the private sector organization. Before discussing the role of management accounting in private as well as public sector, it is very important that we must attempt to define what management accounting is. Management accounting has been defined as follows: â€Å"The

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plagiarism - Essay Example In all institutions of higher learning especially the Universities, plagiarism is regarded as intellectual theft, and it carries with it stringent penalties and more so if it is done wilfully. The plagiarized article or paper submitted by the student would be declared null and of no importance and the student would be awarded an F grade. In other Universities around the globe, such students would be suspended or expelled from their faculties, but the degree of the penalty varies in relation to intent, from unintentional to pure intent respectively. Therefore, this involves blatant show of ethical misconduct that carries very serious consequence to the writer. There are several types of plagiarism, some of which may include copying of work’s without including the quotations as part of your own work or making minor changes without proper permission or acknowledgement, using pictures or photographs from the internet, rewriting your own work or using the phrases or lines of a song without proper acknowledgement (Epigeum n.d.). In order to avoid plagiarism, it is important to keep a good record of materials, resources, and references that one has used during the note-taking stage. This is the most critical stage as plagiarism is usually not deliberate as a writer might forget to reference the works they have referred to during the research. It is also valuable to differentiate between other person’s quotations and original thoughts and in case a quotation is copied, remembers to record all information that might be needed later on, if the quotations are included in the final work. This not only helps in avoiding plagiarism but also saves time that can be used in proofreading the work (Epigeum n.d.). In addition, the writer must properly proofread his work to remove any plagiarized words and sentences carelessly inserted into the paper. Finally, all other sentences and words in the paper that have been imported from other writers and that the writer fee ls they might compliment his work should be properly cited. It is vital to write a paper or an article in one’s own words to sustain originality and avoid plagiarizing previous works. Whenever two or more people come together to write a single piece then present the single article as their own individual work, this becomes a type of plagiarism known as collusion. Collusion may also include instances when a writer gets someone else to compose a piece in entirety or in parts and if the writer copies another writer’s work with the consent of the other writer. Allowing others to substantially edit, modify, or correct your work for presentation as individual work is also regarded as collusion that is forbidden and a form of academic dishonesty. Citation and Referencing The traditionally accepted way of acknowledging previous works done by others is by referencing which varies with universities or the disciplines of the subject matter. Before submitting or publishing work, i t is therefore important to first be knowledgeable of the type of referencing system that your university or subject-discipline uses. When a writer refers to a certain piece of published work, in the academic environment, the writer is said to have cited the piece, hence citation styles or referencing styles.

Readers response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Readers response - Essay Example Finally, the plotline has almost nothing to do with a love story. Faulkner introduces Miss Emily Grierson as a woman who has never been provided an opportunity to become comfortable or familiar with the world outside of her father’s old world ideals. This created a situation in which Miss Emily â€Å"got to be thirty and was still single† (437), forced to live in her maidenhood forever and lacking any connection to the rest of the world. Her inability to relate to the real world outside her fantasy is seen when she refuses to acknowledge her father’s death. This reaction was considered strange and unusual by the people of the town who are narrating the tale, but justified by the way in which she’d been treated by this man. But this strangeness was forgotten when Emily started behaving like normal by dating Homer Barron and her retreat back into her house after he left seems understandable. The final revelation that she had killed Homer Barron and then slept with the dead corpse for years is surprising, but not out of ch aracter. The idea that this old lady slept with the decaying corpse of the lover she’d killed is really gruesome but makes a lot of sense at the same time. It seems unnecessary to explain why the story seems very gruesome. However, it also makes sense as the old people of the antebellum South continued to have troubles adjusting to the changing rules of society. Miss Emily was forced to become an old maid because there weren’t any more families of the ‘old ways’ that were close enough to her family’s old social position. By the time her father died, she was incapable of accepting any kind of change like a lot of people of the Old South were. She tried to break the mold a little bit when she started dating Homer Barron. He was a northerner and someone of a much lower social class than what

Feminine Principles Essay Example for Free

Feminine Principles Essay People usually accept themselves as weak and helpless because of the speed of economical and social changes and the destruction of labor security. Therefore, it is a period of the unsafe world we live in. However, a majority of real experts and specialists, especially women, are getting to know how to find out their workplaces rather than hoping for an innovated structure in the society. Women are different from men, in particular, in choosing the leadership ways. As a matter of fact a female advantage takes place. All human beings are created of the excellent coordination of the Masculine and Feminine Principles, and all persons have both male and female power as a piece of their being humans. Our views of male and female have been much distorted under the terrestrial circumstances that were the reasons of the derangement in the human life. Our common cultural ideas of what a man is, and what a woman is, are distorted, artificially created stereotypes of what these genders are indeed. A significant piece of this treatment process is looking for some balance in the relationship between male’s and female’s power, and reaching some equilibrium in our mutual relations with the male and female power around our world and us. We fail to do this if we have distorted concepts about the essence of a man and a woman. In course of time as a rule leaders have been depicted as men it is only not so long ago that women are starting to obtain recognition for their abilities in Leadership. Still, women can be such good leaders as men. The main thing is how women accept themselves. Being surrounded by men women shouldn’t feel unconfident and they shouldn’t be afraid to say something not to look silly. They have to treat themselves as strong human beings but not as weak creatures. †¦Feminist movements possess a unique sense for the instant future. Those movements have to be comprehended, not as an affirmation of superiority, but as the creation of fairness. There have been a lot of discussions about balance and equilibrium; accurately for this principle to come a reality women’s’ rights have been enhanced. People mustn’t think that this will be advantageous only for women; it will foster general balance, and therefore it is essentially for concordant evolution. Sally Helgeson in her book â€Å"The Female Advantage: Womens Ways of Leadership† portrayed an inquiry of four female leaders carried out in the 80s and comparing it to a study made by Mintzberg (How Men Lead in 1973) applying the familiar ways understood as diary studies. These studies are my favorite ones. They are carried out by spending the whole day for some weeks with the matter and registering every tasks then classifying them. The study by Mintzberg contained five men that have been main leaders in business of their times. This book depicted the discrepancies between women and men and set out that maternity brings up management, conversation abilities and capability to balance. Women concentrate on the process and men concentrate on reaching the set goals and completion. As a matter of fact women can be flexible. They can fulfill diverse tasks and assess coordination and relations. The writer determines the leadership system applied by men as Hierarchy. (Mitstifer, D. I. 1995) †¦This structure pursues a row of command; data is filtered out, collected and classified as it goes to the top across proper channels. The female leadership characteristics are depicted as a Web system that makes communication easier. I would like to trade places with Margaret Thatcher. She was sticking to the men’s leadership features. She has never set certain targets but she has been trying to make use of any opportunity. Helgesen revealed that the places of employment women had inclined to be webs of inclusion. She clarified that their organizations were structured like a web but not a hierarchy and that distributing data and information was a main principle of their efficacy. The web of inclusion can be named as a model for helping us redesign the institutions that frame our lives (Helgesen, 1995, p. 16). Web-like organizations are especially apt to be driven by clearly articulated values, since a tight focus on mission is the glue that holds their flowing structures together. (Helgesen, 1995, p. 286) The web of inclusion, backed up by the new science (Wheatley, 1994), reveals the universe in operation: not as a precisely calibrated great machine in which each constituent part is locked into its own immutable slot, but rather as pulses of energy that continually evolve and assume shifting shapes as the various elements interact, and in which identity is inseparable from relationship. (Helgesen, 1995, p. 16) The architect of the web works as the spider does, by ceaselessly spinning new tendrils of connection, while also continually strengthening those that already exist. The architects tools are not force, not the ability to issue commands, but rather providing access and engaging in constant dialogue (Helgesen, 1995, p. 13). The web procedure is something new, not just a team method; though a web of insertion usually fulfills a particular task, it is not dispersed upon reaching the purposes. Vice versa it plays a more long-term role as it outlines procedure as well as system, provides new ways of approaching problems, of thinking, of connecting people, of giving them information and motivating them (Helgesen, 1995, p. 33). In this way it is easier to achieve a mutual understanding as well as mutual agreement. Still, what is a female advantage? Can we say that women are better than men while being a leader? Women who made their minds to make a career change after several years of non-employment usually apply that time to check the nature of their job again in terms of more mature private and professional purposes. When they back to the place of employment, they feel better who they are indeed and what they are willing to do. As a rule these women can be a model for girls and for even for some men who, because of insecure place of employment, have to know how to change the places and how to be ready to be changed as well. (Helgesen, S. , 1997) Women are the greatest users of some general seminars, school courses, and private advancement programs. Women look for some new opportunities in training more actively, and they do not spare money and time for such purposes. Therefore, they are responsible for the things they do and they want to apply all their efforts. There are lot of women nowadays who are involved in entrepreneurship. â€Å"More than one-third of all small businesses are now owned by women†. (Helgesen, S. , 1997) Women had to discover strategies and methods that had to be suitable for the circumstances of the new economy and new world in general full of information. Womens biggest contribution to our life and our world can be their perseverance upon destroying the form rather than just setting. In such a way all this made them to invent innovated ways that are collectively reforming our world. Women have distinctive characteristics that can be called as `feminine principles that let them be better executives and leaders. These female principles express our cultures fundamental intentions about discrepancies between in what way women and men act and creation of such principles in the community results would lead to the better life. A wish to enhance personal relations, to treat everybody with respect, provide and distribute data and information, and work as a team group can be considered as feminine principles. A woman is charming and full of inspiration. A modern business woman is a cute, clever and astute, well-dressed lady. She is energetic and can manage people and money successfully. They can mobilize when it is needed, they are eager to adapt to the new conditions more quickly than men. If I had my own mercantile agency I would choose a woman for sure to work as a sales manager. Women are great diplomats. They have something that men lack in order to persuade people to buy something, for example. The strong point of women is paying attention to the details. Men are considered to behave more effectively at the top of the crisis, but it is more difficult for them to stand it for a long of time. Meanwhile, women are more sensitive towards stresses and other problems. However, they can firmly resist these problems if last for a long time. Women run risks less and they are more law-abiding than men. So, both women and men are human beings. They have much in common, but in the same time they really differ from each other. Men and women both have advantages and disadvantages. References 1. Helgesen, S. (1995). The web of inclusion. New York: Currency/Doubleday. 2. Wheatley, M. J. (1994). Leadership and the new science. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. 3. Helgesen, S. (Spring, 1997). Women and the New Economy. Leader to Leader. pp. 34-39. 4. Helgesen, S. The Female Advantage: Womens Ways of Leadership. Doubleday, New York, N. Y. , 1990. 5. Mitstifer, D. I. (1995, October). Empowerment. Kappa Omicron Nu Dialogue, 5 (4), 1-2.

Archaeology And Patterns Of Trade Iron Age Europe History Essay

Archaeology And Patterns Of Trade Iron Age Europe History Essay In the Iron Age most European communities would have been linked together to some degree and this can be seen as a continuation of contact established during the Bronze Age (Piggott 1965: 174). Peaceful trade between these communities, for goods that were either a basic necessity or possibly just desirable, would happen for a number of reasons, none of them mutually exclusive, such as exploitation, cross-cultural interchange or mutually beneficial exchange (Woolf 1993: 211). When considering what archaeology can tell us about this trade, according to Collis (1984: 15),there is a common assumption that it divides into the three spatial patterns of long distance, inter-regional and local trade However, this differentiation may only be a modern construct that would not have been recognised by Iron Age communities (Wells 2008: 356-8). This essay will use some of the material culture available from burials, hoards and settlements to examine each pattern in turn looking at the objects trad ed, how trade was organised, why and who was involved in an attempt to assess whether or not the archaeological evidence supports this largely economic model. Before any assessment can be undertaken it is important to define the terms Trade and Iron Age as they are used in this essay. Trade is used here to describe any transaction intended to acquire goods not available in the local environment, which are either required for basic physical needs or are desirable, through purchase, barter or exchange for other goods (Wells 2008: 357). The process of goods or gift exchange was also in operation at this time and this term is used to describe the distribution of goods as a social interaction between communities aimed at increasing wealth, prestige or status (Wells 2008: 356-7). From the available evidence it is not always possible to tell the difference between these two systems and in fact Iron Age communities may not have differentiated so the two interactions can be interpreted as forming a continuum with traded goods being passed out from centres of trade to the rural periphery via exchange (Wells 2008: 358). The Iron Age was widespread across Central Europe by the 7th century BC and lasted until the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC. Traditionally It is divided into two phases, the Early Iron Age from 750-450BC, which is also termed Hallstatt after the type site in Austria, and the Late Iron Age from 450-50BC also known as La Tene from the type site in Switzerland (Darvill 2008: 215). This essay will use Early or Late Iron Age when referring to time periods, Hallstatt or La Tene when referring to artefact styles. Long distance trade is the easiest to detect in the archaeological record through the identification of foreign or exotic goods (Collis 1984: 15-16). In the Early Iron Age trade was stimulated by the metal using state societies of the Mediterranean , principally Greece and Etruria , as they sought sources of the basic raw materials like tin, copper, iron and salt to fuel their growing economies (Collis 1984: 15). Apart from Baltic amber and Mediterranean coral Europe had a plentiful supply of these basic raw materials locally available so the main import was in manufactured goods like the Attic pottery, Greek amphorae and Etruscan bronze vessels found at the Vix grave on Mont Lassois in France and the Heuneburg in Germany. These demonstrate trade as opposed to a social bond but are also indicative of links between the elites of Western Europe and the Mediterranean for the supply of feasting equipment and wine (Wells 1995: 231). The presence of elaborate graves with rich assemblages o f local products found in context with imported objects such as those found at Durrnberg in Austria which contained glass vessels from Italy, sword handles from Africa and vessels from Slovenia or grave 6 at Hohmichele on the Heuneburg , which contained silk textile from the far east, are indicative of long distance trade in prestige or luxury goods rather than social interaction (Wells 2008: 363). Colonies, such as Marseille founded by the Phocaeans in 600BC, were established by the Mediterranean societies to open up new trading markets (Milisauskas 1978: 270) as can be evidenced by the trade in wine and luxury items up the Rhone valley to central Europe (Greene 1990: 116), although not all Mediterranean drinking gear found in central Europe came via this route. Items such as the beaker flagons found in the Vix grave may have come via alpine routes from the Etruscan controlled Po valley (Cunliffe 1999: 62). Correspondingly the Early Iron Age saw the rise of European towns like the Heuneburg and Mont Lassois, with large populations and high levels of production and trade, which acted as core centres in local areas importing foodstuffs and raw materials from rural periphery for inter-regional exchange and distributing finished goods locally (Wells 1980: 46-47). In the Late Iron Age these towns were replaced by oppida like Manching in Bavaria and Bibracte in France which fulfille d a similar role. These oppida were also used as ports of trade and may have been established to attract and increase trade rather than to restrict or control it (Woolf 1993: 211). Following the foundation of the colonies feasting and drinking artefacts from Greek and Etruscan workshops appear in graves of the European aristocracy indicating the presence of well established trading links between central Europe and the Mediterranean (Cunliffe 2010: 462). It could therefore be assumed that that this elite aristocracy were in control of trade however there is evidence at the Heuneburg and Narbo for the presence of a merchant class who bring wine and other Mediterranean goods to the native markets and exchange them for raw materials, slaves and, as their population grew, foodstuffs (Nash 1984: 92-94). This trend continues into the Late Iron Age, when following a hiatus after Greece turns eastwards for trade in the 5th Century BC, contact with the Mediterranean is renewed in 2nd century BC, and there is evidence from Magdalensberg near Salzburg for trade being in the hands of Italian merchants with no evidence for native traders (Collis 2002: 31). Not all long distance trade was in luxury or prestige goods. The potential for interchange of rituals, ideas, technologies or even specialists should not be ignored nor should the smaller, domestic or lifestyle products like brooches and pins. It may be that the European elite in the towns and oppida acted as a core for the redistribution of these commodities in their local area or inter-regionally as the distribution of artefacts made from a variety of raw materials and involving the use of many technologies can be taken as indicating a defined social hierarchy within a settled society (Phillips 1980: 266). Inter-regional trade, or rather at this level exchange, can be described as the movement of goods between communities that share cultural similarities (Collis 1984: 15-16). For example, in the Late Iron Age objects found in graves from France, Austria and Bohemia and ornamented in the La Tene style would seem to indicate a social link between regional elites who express their cultural similarity and identity through material culture (Wells 2008: 363). The objects exchanged may be similar in form to those produced in the local environment and this exchange is traditionally seen as a social rather than economic event. To this end there is no merchant class involved in the transaction as it is based on family and kin relationships (Collis 1984: 15-16). Occurring more in the Early rather than the Late Iron Age it is characterized by gift exchange between the powerful members of peer societies possibly representing not only trade but also tribute, ransom, dowry payments or even wedding gi fts (Wells 1995: 239). This may also represent the practice of reciprocity whereby goods were given as a social interaction between elite members of society, not in the expectation of immediate exchange, but rather as a long term investment whereby reciprocation was made by the provision of services, labour, goods or even trading treaties (Nash 1984: 93-4). Stretching Europe slightly to include south-west Britain will allow the trade between Alet in France and Hengistbury Head to be used as a case study. The discovery of an iron anchor and chain dating from the 1st century BC at Bulbury in Dorset can be interpreted as providing evidence for maritime trade between continental Europe and Britain (Cunliffe 2010: 480). Hengistbury Head was a designated port of trade used by the local elite to control the flow of goods both into and out of Britain whilst utilizing the foreign trade relationship to increase their advantage over their regional periphery (Nash 1984: 93). Goods such as iron from the Hengistbury area, non-ferrous metals from the Mendips and Kimmeridge shale were exchanged with Alet, via a short haul sea crossing to the Channel Islands and thence to the port of Reginca, for Mediterranean pottery, prestige finished goods and wine (Languet 1984: 73). This is evidenced by the presence of Dressel 1A amphorae, glass and fine ware potte ry from Northern Italy at Hengistbury Head and changes in the local manufacture of ceramics, bronze and iron artefacts that are indicative of inter-regional exchange of ideas and technologies (Cunliffe 1984: 8). Although this short range, cross-channel contact was probably based on a recurring requirement between the respective core communities it could also be interpreted as a core-periphery pattern of trade whereby Continental Europe is the core supplying finished goods and south-west Britain is the periphery providing raw materials in exchange (Nash 1984: 92). There is evidence from the vast amounts of Armorican pottery at Hengistbury Head that the Armoricans themselves may have lived there, at least for part of the year, and acted as continental agents liaising with the local communities for the exchange of goods (Cunliffe 2010: 479). The hoard from Llyn Fawr in Wales could provide evidence of this interaction as it contains Hallstatt C type artefacts ,such as iron swords and br onze discs for harness ornamentation, that are similar to types found in Belgium and southern Germany and could have been shipped via Alet to Hengistbury Head before being exchanged locally (Cunliffe 2010: 456). Thus a case can be made for regarding Hengistbury Head as the core for its immediate environment with the local rural communities as the periphery. Local trade is probably the least studied of all the patterns of trade as there is a traditional assumption that the mechanisms used are already well understood (Collis 1984: 15). The interaction between local communities was possibly based on reciprocity with the exchange of finished goods for services, labour or raw materials. The oppida of the late Iron Age, like Manching and Bibracte, and the towns of the Early Iron Age, like Mont Lassois and the Heuneburg, were not just trading centres but were also manufacturing and production sites creating their own finished goods which is evidenced by graves containing bronze objects, pottery and glass beads that reflect local patterns of trade. These manufactured goods may have formed part of a core-periphery trade with smaller local communities for food and forestry products (Wells 1995: 236). Increases in rural production, which created a local self sufficiency and provided a greater surplus for trade, engendered the conditions that allow ed for a large scale social organisation with elaborate hierarchies. The emergent elite in these hierarchies were able to engage in local trade for a wide range of goods which could also be used to foster a regular contact with other regional elites for exchange of commodities, technologies and ideas (James and Rigby 1997: 76-7). Although they are classified as elites it is possible that individuals acted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for trade and the rich burials in which we find lavish prestige and luxury goods, such as the Etruscan beaked flagons found in the middle Rhine area of Europe and dated to the Late Iron Age (Cunliffe 1999: 63), indicate wealth but maybe not elite status (Collis 1984: 16). After all not all trade was in luxury or prestige goods and the presence of non-elite objects like decorative pins and brooches, such as the bronze fibulae found in the female grave at Vix (Wells 2008: 364), in a local area can be taken as representative of local trade o r exchange networks. These socio-economic systems also saw elite leaders give gifts of lesser value to those lower down the hierarchy in order to retain status and power (Cunliffe 2999: 61). The spread of items like the long slashing Grundelingen swords can be explained by simple local exchange mechanisms providing examples that are then copied (Cunliffe 2010: 449) and at Alb-Salem in WÃÆ' ¼rttemberg there have been found ceramics of a particular size and decoration distributed across an area that could be walked in a day (Wells 2008: 361). In the late Iron Age coin evidence appears to indicate that specialist workers, who mass produce goods and administer their own commercial aspects of trade, replace control by elites, initially in their local area but eventually along the whole commodity supply chain (Wells 1995: 240-1). This is further evidenced by the appearance of mass produced Roman wares in graves where they replace unique foreign imports and is paralleled by a diminution in the role played by elites and social networks as they are superseded by professional merchants in a globalised economic market (Wells 1995: 240-2). The available archaeological evidence is open to ambiguous interpretation however this essay has argued that it would seem to support the spatial model of long distance, inter-regional and local patterns of trade even though this is a modern economic construct. These patterns should not be seen as being mutually exclusive but rather as strands in a complex system of exchange mechanisms that reflect social interaction between communities, that have a symbolic as well as an economic dimension whilst moving commodities, as well as ideas and technologies, bi-directionally around Europe and the Mediterranean (Renfrew 1993: 214). It should also be borne in mind that intangibles such as slaves, foodstuffs, hides and hunting dogs will leave no trace in the archaeological record even though they were subject to the same trade and exchange systems (Cunliffe 1984: 4). However, without the benefit of written sources to enhance our understanding, what the evidence cannot prove is how the Iron Age communities themselves regarded trade. It is a possibility that they did not differentiate by region or distance but instead regarded all trade as local and based on simple exchange systems no matter what the commodity or how far it had travelled (Wells 2008: 358). As the Iron Age came to a close, with low value coinage being adopted and Rome becoming predominant in Europe and the Mediterranean, there was a move to a globalised, impersonal, commodity market that removed the need for a differentiation in trading patterns. The emergence of standardised weights, measures and prices rendered redundant the requirement for barter and exchange systems with a professional Italian merchant class controlling trade and replacing local elites who were subsumed into the Roman provincial government process (Collis 2002: 30).